With macOS Catalina officially released, more and more people jump on the bandwagon to try its expanded features, such as screen extension with an iPad or the new Apple Podcasts app. And why not?
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The problem is that it might not always work as intended. Glitches in macOS Catalina are commonplace — even fully released operating systems like Mojave or High Sierra could freeze and crash from time to time. No software is immune.
But what do you do if this case? The surefire way to deal with jaded performance is to reinstall mac OS Catalina altogether. Read through our guide below to learn how.
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How To Reinstall Mac OS Catalina
It’s important to note that when you reinstall macOS Catalina the process simply updates the operating system and doesn’t affect any files on your hard drive or user files or even settings. That makes reinstalling principally different from performing a clean install, which erases everything.
Here are the proper steps to follow to reinstall mac OS Catalina.
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1. Back up your Mac first
By default, the best thing you could do before making any significant changes to how your Mac works is to back it up. Backups are just like saves before encountering challenges in video games — represent the point you can always come back to.
There are lots of great backup solutions on the market to suit every need. If you don’t have the time to search for something specific, your Mac features a decent native option — Time Machine.
To get Time Machine started:
- Connect an external USB or WiFi hard drive to your Mac
- Go System Preferences ➙ Time Machine
- Click on Select Backup Disk…
- Press Use Disk
2. Delete junk off your Mac to speed it up
There’s nothing better than the feeling of a brand new Mac with a brand new macOS. If only the latter is new, the experience could be subpar. Trying to get the most out of macOS Catalina on your older machine might be a challenge. But don’t hurry to your local Apple Store just yet — not all is lost.
Just like the dust behind your couch or on the top of your kitchen cupboards, small bits of system files, caches, and hidden libraries tend to aggregate over the years and never get deleted, eventually slowing down everyday processes. While it’s possible to clear out some of them manually, others require specific technical knowledge and lots of time.
Luckily, there’s a professional automatic solution available — CleanMyMac X. Optimizing behind-the-curtain processes on your Mac with CleanMyMac X is no more difficult than clicking a single button:
- Download a free trial of CleanMyMac X
- Open the app and navigate to System Junk in the left-side panel
- Click Scan and wait for the process to complete
- When done, press Review Details
- Uncheck anything you’d like to keep and click Clean
Now your Mac is free of all the pointless log files, user caches, language files, old updates, and more. Which directly translates into improved processing power, memory usage, and response time. At last, your Mac is ready to take full advantage of macOS Catalina.
3. Reinstall macOS Catalina in Recovery Mode
With your Mac in top shape, it’s time to get that macOS Catalina download link. Surprisingly, you won’t find it in Software Update or even App Store (where it used to be in macOS High Sierra).
The correct way to reinstall macOS Catalina is to use your Mac’s Recovery Mode:
- Restart your Mac and then hold down ⌘ + R to activate Recovery Mode
- In the first window, select Reinstall macOS ➙ Continue
- Agree to the Terms & Conditions
- Select the hard drive you’d like to reinstall mac OS Catalina to and click Install
![Cleaner Cleaner](https://insmac.org/uploads/posts/2016-08/1472550985_system-cleaner_02.png)
The reinstallation process will start shortly and roughly take 30 minutes. When complete, your Mac will start up as usual. No files should be lost, but it’s always a good idea to check CleanMyMac X’s Applications Updater to see if you can improve compatibility of the new macOS with any of your existing apps:
- Launch CleanMyMac X
- In the left-side panel, navigate to Updater
- View any available updates and their notes and click on Update
Finally, in case you notice any files or apps missing, or settings misconfigured, you could open up Time Machine to restore a specific folder or the whole backup from the step one:
- Launch Time Machine from Applications
- Simply scroll all backup versions to find the file you’re looking for
- Click Restore
If you decide to restore the whole backup, make sure to then repeat the whole process to optimize your Mac and reinstall macOS Catalina as detailed above. The good thing is that more often than not the reinstallation works wonders right from the first time.
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Apache Tomcat is a widely used implementation of the Java Servlet Specification, which has been developed as an open-source project by the Apache Software Foundation since 1999, when the project source was donated to the ASF by Sun Microsystems.
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Tomcat is actually composed of a number of components, including a Tomcat JSP engine and a variety of different connectors, but its core component is called Catalina. Catalina provides Tomcat's actual implementation of the servlet specification; when you start up your Tomcat server, you're actually starting Catalina.
In this article, we'll get to know Tomcat's core component, from the origins of the name 'Catalina', to an overview of how Catalina is configured. We'll also look at some Catalina-related tips and tricks, such as how to get the most out of Catalina's built-in logging functionality, and how to manage the Catalina class as an MBean using JMX.
Tired of wading through hundreds of lines of XML just to make a simple change to your Tomcat configuration? Tcat makes Tomcat configuration simple. Create optimized configuration profiles, save them, and apply them to groups of servers with a single click.
How Did Catalina Get Its Name?
There's nothing like an Apache product name to raise an eyebrow - the Apache volunteers have a knack for turning out oddly named technologies that's only rivaled by Ubuntu's 'adjective-animal' naming format.
The name 'Catalina,' according to Craig McClanahan, who designed the original architecture of the servlet container, can be attributed to three things: his love for Catalina Island (despite never having visited it), his cat's habit of hanging around the computer while he was writing the code, and the consideration, at an early stage of development, of building Tomcat on a server framework called Avalon, which is the name of a town on Catalina island.
![Cache Cache](https://u.damasgate.com/003a/vnqatogn5iqyruprrjy9.jpg)
The Avalon framework was eventually abandoned, but the name stuck, and the rest is history.
Catalina's Configuration Files
Catalina's default behavior can be directly configured by editing the six configuration files located in Tomcat's '$CATALINA_BASE/conf' directory. Here's an overview of the files located in this directory and the kinds of options that can be configured within each.
catalina.policy
This file contains the Tomcat security policy for the Catalina Java class, expressed in standard Security Policy syntax, as defined in the JEE specification. This is Tomcat's core security policy, and includes permissions definitions for system code, web applications, and Catalina itself.
catalina.properties
This file is a standard Java properties file for the Catalina class. It contains information such as security package lists and class loader paths. This file can also contains some String cache settings, that you might edit when tuning your server for best Tomcat performance.
logging.properties
This file configures the way that Catalina's built-in logging functions, including things such as threshold and log location. Note that all the entries in this log refer to JULI, the modified commons-logging implementation that Tomcat automatically uses in place of your JDK's logging implementation.
content.xml
This XML configuration file is used to define Tomcat Context information that will be loaded for every web application running on a given instance of Tomcat. In general, you should configure your Context information elsewhere, but there are a few entries in this file that can be uncommented to alter the way that Tomcat handles session persistence and Comet connections.
server.xml
This is Tomcat's main configuration file, which uses the hierarchical syntax specified in the Java Servlet specification to configure Catalina's initial state, as well as define the order in which Tomcat boots and builds its various components. This file is quite complex, but comprehensive documentation is available on the Apache website.
tomcat-users.xml
Design for numbers templates 5 0 3. This file contains information about the various users, passwords, and user roles on a given Tomcat server, as well as information about trusted Realms (JNDI, JDBC, etc.) where this data can be accessed.
web.xml
This file configures options and values that will be applied to all applications loaded into a given instance of Tomcat, including servlet definitions such as buffer sizes, debugging levels, Jasper options like classpath, MIME types, and default welcome files for directories that do not have their own 'index' files. Although you can technically configure options for specific web applications in this file, this will require you to restart your entire server to propagate these changes, so it is not recommended.
If you need more information about configuring Catalina, check out our Tomcat Configuration page!
Rotating Catalina.out
A common question asked by Tomcat beginners is how to rotate the Catalina.out log file, without restarting Tomcat. (If you're not familiar with the file, Catalina.out is the standard destination log file for System.out and System.err, JVM loggers that print information about fatal errors in the JVM.)
There are two answers.
The first, which is more direct, is that you can rotate Catalina.out by adding a simple pipe to the log rotation tool of your choice in Catalina's startup shell script. This will look something like:
Simply replace 'WeaponOfChoice' with your favorite log rotation tool.
The second answer is less direct, but ultimately better. The best way to handle the rotation of Catalina.out is to make sure it never needs to rotate. Simply set the 'swallowOutput' property to true for all Contexts in 'server.xml'.
This will route System.err and System.out to whatever Logging implementation you have configured, or JULI, if you haven't configured it. All commons-logger implementations rotate logs by default, so rotating Catalina.out is no longer your problem.
For more information about JULI, Log4J, and Tomcat logging in general, check out our easy-to-follow guide to Tomcat Logging.
Managing Catalina as an MBean
Because Catalina is a Java class, if you enable Java Management Extensions (JMX) management, you can actually manage all of Catalina's exposed functions as a single MBean, and reference all its hierarchical elements by name. Apache maintains a list of all the MBean names as part of the Tomcat documentation.
In order to begin managing Catalina as an MBean, all you need to do is modify the CATALINA_OPTS system variable to allow JMX access.
For a comprehensive, step by step guide to enabling and using JMX with Catalina, check out our guide to Tomcat JMX!
Learn More About Catalina
If you want to learn more about the Catalina servlet container, there are a number of resources you can consult. Here are some of our favorite Tomcat Catalina resources:
Understanding Apache Tomcat - MuleSoft's comprehensive guide to Apache Tomcat, including FAQs, HOW-TO's, whitepapers, and more.
The Tomcat API - Apache's documentation of the Tomcat API, with detailed information about each package and its contained elements.
The Java Servlet Specification - Information on the Servlet specification that Catalina implements.
The Tomcat Mailing Lists - User and Developer Discussions about Tomcat-related topics hosted on the Apache Website.